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Key Information & Summary A solvent is a liquid that dissolves a solid, liquid or gaseous compound called solute, giving rise to a solution. The solvation (or dissolution) in chemistry is interaction between solute and solvent that brings the single dissolved solute molecules to surround themselves with solvent molecules. If the solvent responsible for solvation ...
The analysis of organic substances is different from the analysis of inorganic substances. Usually, it is necessary to recognize an already known compound or to characterize a new compound. Although the compounds are very numerous, they can be grouped into a rather limited number of homologous series. The identification of the series to which the ...
Key Information and Summary of Optical Isomerism Two compounds with the same brute formula are called isomers. There are different types of isomers: homomers, stereoisomers, constitutional isomers. In particular a stereocenter or stereogenic center is any point in a molecule bearing groups, such that an interchanging of any two groups leads to a stereoisomer. The ...
Key Information & Summary Thermodynamics studies the energy changes in physical and chemical processes. Energy is the capacity to do work or to transfer heat. Kinetic energy is the energy connected with motion. Potential energy is the energy that a system possesses because of its position or composition. Reactions that release energy in the form ...
Key Information & Summary Polymers are macromolecules made up of repeating units called monomers. Polymers can be synthesized through two types of polymerization reactions i.e. addition and condensation polymerization. Polymers exist as amorphous or crystalline solids. Polymers can be classified as organic, inorganic, synthetic and mixture of organic-inorganic polymers. Polymers may be classified as heteropolymer ...
Key Information & Summary Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy is a technique that provides information about the chemical structure of a compound. NMR spectroscopy operates by applying magnetic field to nuclei that behave as magnets because of their charge and spin. Nuclei are present in a microenvironment where they may or may not be surrounded by ...
Key Information & Summary Carboxylic acids are organic compounds having hydroxyl group attached to the acyl group. Carboxylic acid derivatives contain functional groups that undergo nucleophilic acyl substitutions. Carboxylic acids, ester, amide, thioester, acyl phosphate, acyl chloride and acid anhydride are named as longest alkane name replacing its ending “e” with “oic acids”, “ate”, “amide”, ...
Key Information & Summary Aromatic compounds are unsaturated compounds having alternate double and single bonds in one or more planar rings of atoms. Benzene, a hexagon, is the simplest aromatic compound. Aromatic compounds have delocalized electrons called pi electrons that provide overall stability to these compounds. Criteria for aromaticity includes that the compound is planar, ...
Key Information & Summary Amino acids are building blocks of proteins. Based on the chemical nature of R group, amino acids are categorized as non-polar, polar, positively and negatively charged amino acids. Amino acids exist as zwitterions and are optically active. Proteins are important biomolecules made up of amino acids linked via peptide bonds. Proteins ...
Key Information & Summary The Molecular orbital theory is a technique for determining the molecular structure In molecular orbital theory, we postulate that the combination of atomic orbitals on different atoms forms molecular orbitals (MOs) These orbitals may be pure atomic orbitals or hybridized atomic orbitals of individual atoms. We then use hybridization to help ...
