A-Level Chemistry revision notes

A-Level (A2/AS) Chemistry revision notes providing information and assistance across all examination boards including AQA, CIE, OCR, Edexcel, Eduqas & WJEC. Chemistry is a complicated A-Level with a lot of content and information to work through. We have put together some of the best revision notes and learning materials to hopefully make sitting your Chemistry A-Levels a little bit easier and stress-free.

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Ionization Energy 

Introduction to Ionization Energy The ionization energy of an element can be defined as the energy required to remove one or more loosely bounded electrons from the isolated gaseous atom in the ground electronic state to form a positively charged ion, i.e., form a cation. In this process, energy must be absorbed to remove electrons, ...

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Nitrogen Compounds

Introduction to Nitrogen Compounds The atmosphere contains 75.51 percent Nitrogen gas, the primary nitrogen source for industrial and commercial purposes. Due to a triple covalent bond formed between two nitrogen atoms, nitrogen is a very unreactive gas. This triple covalent bond is very strong, the bond enthalpy being 1000 kJ mol-1. So, it is very ...

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Halogen Derivatives

Introduction to Halogen Derivatives Halogens consist of five chemically related and important elements listed in Group 17  in the periodic table. These are fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), and astatine (At). These elements have 7 electrons in the outermost shell and hence are efficient in producing negatively charged ions which form the ...

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Hydrocarbons

Introduction to Hydrocarbons Carbon and hydrogen are among the most crucial elements on earth as both forms the core of many biological processes. These natural processes over long periods produce compounds that exclusively contain carbon and hydrogen, and these compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen are known as hydrocarbons. The four general classes of hydrocarbons ...

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Nitrogen and Sulphur

Introduction Nitrogen and Sulphur are two elements that constitute a major role in nature and human activities. Nitrogen in its gaseous form is present in the atmosphere at a concentration of 77% and is relatively unreactive in this form. Despite that, the Nitrogen cycle plays a pivotal role in maintaining the balance of life on ...

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Stoichiometry and Balancing Reactions

All chemical reactions depend on the reactant(s) and the conditions under which the reaction occurs.  The law of conservation of mass, constant composition, multiple proportions, and reciprocal proportions influence the product(s), ensuring the best path for a reaction under a given set of conditions.

Electrochemistry

Introduction to Electrochemistry An important class of reactions is defined by oxidation state changes for one or more reactant elements, involving a subset of reactions that facilitate the transfer of electrons between reactant species indirectly via an external circuit rather than directly via intimate contact of redox reactants. As external circuits are involved, these reactions ...

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States of Matter

Introduction to States of Matter The quest to know the nature and functioning of matter has been the endeavour of scientists since time immemorial. Anything that takes up some space and has mass has typically been defined as matter. Accordingly, the three most common states of matter found on earth are solid, liquid, and gas. ...

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Chemical Energetics

Introduction to Chemical Energetics The exchange of energy is fundamental to all chemical changes. As the exchange of energy occurs, so does the transformation in matter, and the study of these changes forms the core of chemical energetics. The roles of systems, surroundings, the flow of heat, and the laws that govern these factors are ...

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